The First World War.

The First World War, also called the Great War is a war in Europe and then spread to the rest of the world during the years between 1914 and 1918. The war began when the Empire of Austria and Hungary invaded the Kingdom of Serbia following the assassination of Austria's Crown Prince and his wife by Serbian students during their visit to Sarajevo.

Russia has mobilized its troops, one day after the Declaration of war on Serbia, Austria into Germany on July 30, forces then mobilized in August 1, France. Germany declared war on Russia on the same day after being found unresponsive Russians on request Germany cancel a general mobilization of the army then declared war on France and invaded Belgium, prompting Britain to enter War because the Germans breached the neutrality of Belgium, European States had before the war of the camps first triple entente between Russia, France and the United Kingdom, while the Triple Alliance of The Empire of Austria, Hungary and Germany and Italy despite the entry of Italy into the war by the allies.

First used chemical weapons in World War I as it was bombing civilians from the sky for the first time in history.

War victims of unprecedented human history by dynasties fell and dominate Europe which dates back to the origin of the Crusades, and changed the political map of Europe.

The First World War is the seed of ideological movements such as communism and future conflicts such as the Second World War, and even the cold war.

The war formed the beginning of the new world and the end of European monarchies and aristocracies, conflict was the Bolshevik revolution in Russia which in turn brought about a change in Chinese policy and Cuban also paved The road to the cold war between the two giants, the Soviet Union and the United States. Brightness is due to defeat Nazi Germany glamour in war and left many things pending until after the war. Wars took a new look at its methods of intervention technology greatly in matters of war and enter the parties her energy wars and no-load, is civilians. After wars fought by competing armies met on the battlefield away from civilization, cities were inhabited yards of the battle which resulted in the deaths of millions of victims.

Russia had pledged to defend Serb sovereignty; Russia moved its troops under pressure of Russian generals to defend Serbs. Germany demanded from Russia not to move troops and the retreating Russian forces on standby, as Russia did not comply with German demands, Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August 1914 and repair another declaration against France on August 3.

Colonial rivalry causes

Progress of the industrial revolution has led to the evolution of colonialism advanced sharply to make the discharge of goods and raw materials and employment of capital issue of pressing European issues did not find Politicians only solution by owning colonies was to be confrontation and conflict between the colonial powers themselves.

The conflict also emerged over the sea, especially between Britain, which considers itself the Lady sea and Germany developed the unified that its fleet quickly, as intensified disputes between Germany and France about The provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany after their embrace teen war of 1870 and the two countries also disagreed about the primacy of each occupation of Morocco.

The dispute about this country (Morocco) two crises occurred first in 1905 and 1906, during which Germany crossed the adherence to commercial interests in this country. The second crisis occurred in 1911, following the entry of German troops into France in Agade and threatening the use of force also forcing France to cede part of the colony of the Congo to Germany in Exchange for her hand in Morocco.

Alliances

The strong rivalry between the European powers in order to expand its colonial secret agreements and military alliances, both England and France due to the Entente Cordiale of 1904 had joined forces, The triple alliance between Germany and Austria Hungary Empire and Italy an ally is not fixed quickly out of Italy and took place after the Ottoman Empire had signed an alliance with Germany.

These alliances that raced towards arms control emerged in particular through extending the period of military service and increase the number of armed forces in all of Germany, France and Russia.

Arms race

British military battleship

Intensified arms race between European powers Germany sought to build a colonial empire in the lands beyond the sea increased in marine fleet size which prompted Britain to strengthen its fleet And launch barge "HMS Dreadnought" 1906 the vessel which had abolished all that was accepted by the ships, Britain and Germany in particular to strengthen their fleets.

After France entered the war, Germany began its invasion of France which put nine years ago and the German Schrieffer Plan to attack France through Belgium to control France Quickly, on August 16, German forces invaded the territory of the Kingdom of Belgium to neutral intervention across the French territory until the river Marne in Eastern Paris where the French army sectors in preparation for thrashed To battle, to begin the first battle of the Marne on September 6 after 55 miles from Paris, after the failure of the German advance to Paris German units set up barricades and trenches into the war since the war Trenches, Britain declared war on Germany for violating the neutrality of Belgium.

On the Western front, Russia took the opportunity to concern the German forces in France, and sent two armies in late August they penetrate deeply in the German territories in the East, Russia to the encirclement of the German forces in Russia Eastern, which forced Germany to withdraw two-thirds of its troops from France, managed to besiege the Russian forces at the battle of Dannenberg in August 31.

After the outbreak of war in Europe spread the battles to the German colonies overseas, Japan announced war on Germany in August 1914 and another expelled Germans from several islands in the Pacific Ocean, In Australian and New Zealand forces took over the German colonies in the Pacific.

In the Balkans across the Austro-Hungarian army Drina River and attacked Serbian territory only Austro-Hungarian army was defeated by Serb forces at the end of October 1914 the Ottoman Empire entered The war alongside Germany against Russia and Turkish ships pounded the Russian ports on the Black Sea, then Turkish troops invaded Russia, and in November the allies declared war on the Ottoman Empire and campaign Military on the Gallipoli Peninsula with the aim of creating a passage between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and capture Constantinople.

Italy stayed out of World War I in 1914 while she was a member of the tripartite alliance with Austria Hungary and Germany, and claimed that it is committed to join the war because Austria Hungary did not Intervention in a defensive war.

The war 1915

Russian army infantry

Could the Germans in 1915 to achieve more victories for the allies, inflicted defeat Russians in battle girlish tarmac in May 1915, and occupied Poland and most cities in Lithuania, and tried to cut the lines of communication between The Russian armies and norms to eliminate them, but Russians have had some partial victories for the Germans, their Russian POWs 325,000, which several Russian army unable to recover his strength.

German successes on the Russians to subdue the Balkans, the Austrian and German forces crossed the Danube River to fight the Serbs and caused their defeat.

And could the Germans in that year that achieve great victories on some fronts, while the German front stood fixed to attacks by French and British armies, despite discomfort in public opinion English British army ammo shortages and demand composition of a coalition Ministry, and changes in the military command.

On 23 April 1915 Italy declared war on the Empire of Austria-Hungary after some allies Promised Land is achieved victory over the axis powers.

The war in 1916

This year marked two major battles they be fixed to the land of France lasted one to seven months and another four months, the two battles of the Somme, Verdun, the Germans suffered losses in the first battle estimated 240 thousand And injured, either French, lost 275 thousand.

Either the battle of the Somme during which the allies were able to force the Germans to retreat 100 square miles, the battle for the German army, and became count of young conscripts, lost army in this battle, sixty thousand dead or wounded on the first day.

And appeared in the tank for the first time on the battlefield, and the Russians have been able during the year to Austria campaign led by General broiled, and captured 450 thousand prisoners of Austrian forces Hungarian; this encouraged Romania victory to declare war on Austria and Hungary, Germany reacted by declaring war on them and swept the Germans Romanians in six weeks and entered Bucharest.

Arabic revolution (1916)

Sharif Hussein Bin Ali

The Arabs had got round about Sharif Hussein Bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, protector of the Holy Muslim and has been with the Ottoman Caliphate had been staleness is sons hopes to create a major Arab country. Since Britain is keen on attracting Arabs to its side had entered into secret negotiations with Sharif Hussein and exchanged letters between Sharif Hussein representing Arabs and Sir Henry McMahon British representative in Egypt Sudan in the Hussein-McMahon correspondence, which Sharif said what required by the Arabs to enter war alongside Britain and these terms are Arabic countries independence based on the East Coast labara Mediterranean and the establishment of a major Arab State covering around the Arab world, with the exception of Egypt and North Africa in spite of differences with McMahon about the limits of State promised the Arabs entered war Arabic Alongside Britain.

Great Arabic revolution started on 10 June 1916 Sharif Hussein Declaration holy war and revolution to the Ottomans with the help of British intelligence officer Thomas Edward Lawrence, and his sons control Hejaz with the help of English and his son Faisal Bin Hussein towards the Levant and with the help of the English arrived to Damascus where the Ottomans and declaring the Government Arabic loyal to his father who had announced The same property on the Arabs but the allies only recognized King of Hejaz and Eastern Jordan.

Despite Britain's commitments to the Arabs by a major Arab country has conducted these negotiations and State confidentiality agreements with France and Russia addressed the sharing of the Ottoman possessions including Arabic country and then Singled out Britain and France on a secret agreement known as the Sykes-Picot agreement relative to both the British representative mark Sykes and delegate Francois Georges Picot and had these negotiations which expose The order after the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917 and in the same year she betrayed Britain Arabs again as he promised to liberate the Zionist leaders promised the establishment of a national homeland for Jews in Palestine through so-called promise Balfour on 2 November 1917.

The shift in the course of the war (1917)

France 1917

Triple entente States established a naval blockade against the States of the tripartite alliance with the goal of economically strangling individual Germans war submarines targeted all neutral ships even ones aimed at blocking access to Britain and was Among the ships sunk a number of American ships which led the United States into the war alongside the Entente States has become the second world war.

United States submarine warfare

During the 1916 naval war in the North Sea between the German and the English fleet, known as garland, during which the German fleet came out of the harbors of the English fleet fighter hoping to lift the naval blockade Imposed on Germany, and not the decisive battle as the Germans pulled out although they have caused great losses to the English fleet, the Germans in that period to "war" with the aim of sinking any Merchant ships without warning, to starve Britain and forced to surrender, but this war provoked by the United States, to enter the war in April 1917, especially after learning that the Germans have In an attempt to entice Mexico to attack the United States in Exchange for the three us. States.

The United States before entering war embrace cult American President based on isolation in American foreign policy for Europe, and not allowing any European interference in American Affairs, However, us. leaders saw that the country's interest to take advantage of war through its entry.

The allies have benefited from the enormous potential and American supplies to strengthen their efforts, and they were able to narrow the blockade on Germany in a manner leading to weakened.

Triple entente victory

Form access to France in January 1917 an important shift in the course of the war it helped the armies of Concord to attack on the Germans, they retreat hundreds of miles while armies Harmony ruled the Ottoman forces in Iraq and Syria and Egypt moved towards Asia Minor itself. In the Balkan entente forces forced Bulgaria to surrender in September 1918, the Ottoman Empire requested in October of the same year, as did Austria in early November. It did find Germany began to surrender and sign the Armistice on 11 November 1918 after failing to cope with the triple entente bloc alone.

Warfare 1917

British soldiers on the front German French machine gun Vickers

1917 saw a significant event on the eastern front and the success of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia, the Bolsheviks signed a Justice of Brest-Litovsk with the Germans in 1918, and the exit of Russia from the war. That year also saw the French attack on German troops with the help of the English forces, but the attack failed and incurred appalling losses caused the French rebellion in their own ranks, conducted Changes in the ranks of the French leadership.

The British saw the Germans to divert the attention of the British front, battle of backhanded where the British lost by 300 soldiers dead and wounded, and multiple calamities among allies in the fronts Russian, French and Italian, although its allies of Turkish victories entering Iraq and Palestine.

This year also marked the German and Austrian forces achieved a major victory over the Italians at the battle of Amoretto after a series of inconclusive battles such as the battle of arsons.

Return to war (1917-1918)

Was Russia out of the war following the Bolshevik October revolution 1917 and signed a separate peace treaty of its leader Lenin with the Treaty of Brest lidos 1918 Germany played a crucial role in pushing Germany to launch an attack on France In order to occupy it before the arrival of us support but to unite the British and French forces led by French General Foch had enabled Germany to France where they won and named after the battle of the Marne, 6-9 November 1914 causing The French forces withdraw to the South, suffered battle signed Germany fortress of Verdun in February 1916 battle that stopped crawling German France.

Stimulus poster recruitment in America

The United States entered the war alongside the allies against the German will to control and influence and not respecting the neutrality of Belgium and the German invasion as war subs by Germans, which often misunderstood for us economic interests to propel the United States entry into the war.

In addition, fear of bankers and the Government of the United States of the refraction of the allies, American banks have loaned Britain and France money to purchase raw materials And food from the United States, so the bankers began and American businessmen at the invitation of the us Government to intervene by the allies.

The end of the war in 1918

He encouraged Russia's exit from the war the German leadership to benefit from 400 thousand German soldiers were on the Russian front and directing them to fight the British and the French, the Germans were able to smash the British army V in September 1918, and violent sides rolled battles caused massive loss of life, money, and estimated the cost of the war in that year to about $ 10 million every hour.

And the Allies began to regain their strength and great attacks on the Germans ended the war, and was known as the second battle of the Marne in July 1918 and was on 8 August 1918 black day in the history of the Germans, were subjected to horrendous defeats Before the British and the allies, Germany began to crumble and the families of about a quarter million in three months, British troops entered every German lines, and arrived in Northern France and the rest of the troops The allies into France.

Germany swept the violent political crisis escalated with successive military defeats on the battlefields, Germany requested a truce without restriction or condition, the allies refused to negotiate with the existing imperial government And caused the establishment of the Republic in Germany after the resignation of the German Emperor, and sign the Armistice that ended the war on 11 November 1918, after four and a half years of fighting which claimed 10 million Military, and wounded another 21 million.

Results

The first world war on the Ottoman Empire in 1341-1924 and heavy material and human losses and a decline in the leading role of Europe in world policy. The most important result of this war was the imperfect peace contains all elements that would ignite World War II. And in 1939.

During the war the warring European Nations were forced to buy much of the equipment and the living material of young States were spared their harm such as United States, Canada and Australia and Argentina which make this city European States after the war. Europe has found itself after the war obliged to pay debts of gold reserves which previously owned led to European monetary depreciation and inflation.

United States was the first beneficiary of this situation on the basis that it is the first to credit Europe before and during the war. It was compiled by the United States after the war as a result of repayment of debt-Europe 45% of gold reserve in the world, becoming the first credit in the world.

The human and material losses

Indian troops continued to British forces after the siege of Cut in Iraq

First World War losses of life by 8,538,315 and more than twice that number wounded, Russia's losses came in the top of the list of casualties, followed by loss of both Germany and Austria and France and Britain and Italy and the United States.

The most damage occurred in the territory where the battles where destroyed crops and livestock and destroyed hundreds of thousands of homes were destroyed and thousands of factories in addition to damage to Rail and coal which dipped one side or the other with water to prevent exploited by the enemy.

Therefore, the warring States era of peace to rebuild what was destroyed by war and military conversion to civilian production. But lack of funds and labor, which ruled war largely, hindered the reconstruction process.

See table below that States losses in First World War more than 37 million including more than eight million people.

Incomplete peace

Right-United States President Woodrow Wilson, Prime Minister of France Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of Italy Vitoria Emmanuelle Orlando, Prime Minister of Britain, David Lloyd Georges

The Peace Conference (1919)

Germany agreed on the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918 on the basis of the principles of Wilson, had thought at the time that the promised peace conference would issue decisions and conventions, inspired by lofty ideas contained in this Principles but something did not get the peace conference held its first meeting in Paris on 18 January 1919, attended by representatives of 32 state ally excluded from the defeated States and Russia and neutral countries so this was The Conference is a meeting of the victorious powers to share the spoils with them and impose their will on the defeated team deprived of will, in addition, impose the representatives of three States, namely France and Britain And the United States view all heads of delegations participating in the Conference.

The demands of conferences

The Conference demonstrated the desire of France and Britain on expanding their borders and acquiring new colonies. The French not only demand the restoration of Alsace-Lorraine regions of Germans but also on the left bank of the Rhine River as defensive area and good area German as a source of supply of coal Stone. For the colonies regarded French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, who was Chairman of his country's delegation to the province of France on colonies in North Africa, Central and South-East Asia in addition to assignment Syria and Lebanon French are debatable.

Either British Prime Minister head of delegation to the Conference, Lloyd Georges who objected to the demands of border France demanded for his inheritance of the German colonies in Africa, East Asia and the mandate for Egypt and Sudan and Palestine and Iraq forgetting promise British Levant autonomy under the banner of Sharif Hussein Bin Ali.

Italian Prime Minister Orlando had called for the restoration of the regions tartan Trieste to Italy.

And upon the us. President Wilson among the heads of delegations of the great powers to demand the establishment of a League of Nations and inspired by the decisions of the Conference of the four principles.

The decisions of the Conference and its outcomes

Change the political map of Europe

The Paris Conference has decided to dismantle the Austrian and German Empires, adjustments to the political borders of the States of Europe, appeared on the map of European countries such as Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia And radical changes in systems of many States adopted both Turkey and Germany Republican turned Austria into a small Republic either Russia had switched from the Tsarist regime to the system And after the Bolshevik revolution in 1917, led by Vladimir Lenin.

Treaty of Versailles

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The Versailles agreement signing ceremony

On June 28, 1919 Versailles Treaty signed by Germans with the victorious allies in World War I after six months of negotiations, the Treaty was amended later on 10 January 1920 for German recognition The responsibility for the war and follows Germany compensate affected parties financially. The Treaty included the tough conditions the most important deduction of approximately 25,000 square miles of German territory and its annexation to both Poland and Denmark and Czechoslovakia and the confiscation of all German colonies, and download Germany alone responsible for the war and the disbandment of its army and the terms of this Treaty was the reason why Germany represent opportunities for reversal and revenge who imposed it.

The Convention resulted in the creation of the League of Nations due to its founding goal of preventing armed conflict between States, as occurred in the First World War and the disarmament of the filament of international conflicts.

With regard to military restrictions on Germany, the Convention has developed controls and restrictions on German military machine to the Germans could not ignite a war again as the first world war, the Containing the German army to 100,000 troops only and abolishing conscription, which was working in Germany. Germany could not create air force adherence to 15, 000 troops to the sea plus a handful of warships without submarines. Neither the soldiers stay in the army for more than 12 years with regard to officers, the maximum duration can stay in the army officers is a 25-year period to become a German army free of military talent Trained.

Paragraph 232 of the Treaty bearing the responsibility of Germany war reparations to the affected parties that estimated the compensation b 269 DM 1 billion and reduced the amount to read 132 billion mark, according to Economists say that despite the reduction in the total number of compensation for affected parties, but the amount remains excessive. Burdened by debt burdens and freeing Germany the German economy resulting in a high degree of dissatisfaction that the second world war by Adolf Hitler.

Assignment

Faisal I

The Conference approved the colonial demands for both Britain and France recognized the legitimacy of the mandate on the Levant, despite the objection of Prince Faisal bin Al-Hussein, who attended the Conference as an observer.

The League of Nations

Approved by heads of delegations participating in the Conference of magistrates to the League of Nations, which they insisted us President Wilson introduced as an essential item in all treaties signed by the victors with The vanquished was the first goal of the League which took the city of Geneva in Switzerland-based solution to disputes between States by peaceful means and to help create an atmosphere of understanding and trust between peoples.

But things have not been in this direction not to the League when you created a military force capable of implementing its decisions as it turned into an instrument for the benefit of the victors in the war which the United States America itself not to participate in membership despite being her idea.

Arab mandate

He began the actual application of the content of the Convention Sykes Picot 1918 battles are not over when the Department of General Allenby, Commander of the Allied armies in the East Arabic to three areas: one French administration (coast) One Department (inside) and the last British administration but international coverage of this Convention came across Conference in Paris in 1919, the Conference has put forward a new concept of colonialism is the assignment Proposed by us President Wilson, Prime Minister of South Africa, General Smuts and provides the State of major State Affairs entrusted with governance and long one of the Empires Crumbling as the Ottoman Empire, assisted by the mandatory power until it is able to manage its affairs by itself.

But the Syrian General Conference reject Convention Sykes Picot, Balfour and Syrian Kingdom, declared monument of Prince Faisal as King, held the Supreme Council of the allies in the Italian city of San Remo in April 1920 And decided in response to the Syrian National Congress Convention Sykes Picot which requires development of Syria and Lebanon under French mandate, Iraq, Palestine and East Jordan under the English assignment and pledge of the San Remo Conference as well as To implement the Balfour of Britain were also associated with Arabic Emirates located on the shores of the Arabian Gulf and Oman also imposed protection treaties with Britain, Egypt and Sudan, protected and controlled Italy to Libya and France occupied the remainder of Moroccan Arabic, dedicated control over both Tunisia and Morocco, Algeria and Mauritania and Somalia.